Table 2. Summary of Classification of Allergic Rhinitis According to Pattern Identification

No Pattern Identification Symptom Herbal Medicine Reference Frequency
1 Lung deficiency and cold(肺虚感寒) 陣發性鼻塞, 鼻癢, 噴嚏頻作, 流淸涕, 鼻黏膜色淡紅或淡白, 鼻甲腫脹, 平素易感冒, 常因感受冷空氣發作,咳嗽, 咳痰, 痰稀白, 怕冷, 乏力, 面白, 舌淡, 苔薄白, 脈浮或細弱 Tonggyubugeumtang(通竅扶金湯), Bimingangbang(鼻敏康方), Modified Okbyeongpungsan(玉屏風散加味), Iggitalmintang(益氣脫敏湯) 1, 29 2
2 Lung meridian stagnation and heat(肺經鬱熱) 鼻塞時輕時重, 鼻癢, 噴嚏連作, 流淸涕或淡黃涕, 鼻甲與鼻黏膜色紅腫脹, 可有嗅覺減退, 胸中煩熱, 頭昏, 咳嗽痰黃, 面色紅, 小便短赤, 大便乾, 舌尖紅, 苔薄黃, 脈浮有力 Jaeumyunpyetang(滋陰潤肺湯) 1, 17, 18, 29, 39 5
3 Lung and spleen qi deficiency (肺脾氣虚) 鼻塞不通, 噴嚏頻作, 鼻流淸涕或白黏涕, 鼻黏膜色淡白, 鼻甲腫脹, 神疲乏力, 面色無華, 四肢倦怠, 氣短而喘, 聲低懶言, 食慾不振, 腹脹, 腹瀉或便溏, 舌淡或胖, 苔薄白滑, 脈滑或沈細 Modified Bojungikgitang(補中益氣湯加減), Samitang((四味湯) combined Terminaliae Fructus(訶子), Schisandrae Fructus(五味子) Sagunjatang(四君子湯) combined Astragali Radix(黃芪), Schisandrae Fructus(五味子), Magnoliae Flos(辛夷), Terminaliae Fructus(訶子), Gidanikpyetonggyu granule(芪丹益肺通竅顆粒) 1, 5, 10, 14, 15, 19, 23, 29 8
4 Lung cold retained fluid invasion (肺寒飲犯) NR Modified Socheongryongtang(小靑龍湯加減) 2 1
5 Lung qi deficiency and cold(肺氣虚寒) 突發性鼻癢, 噴嚏, 流淸涕, 鼻塞, 鼻黏膜淡白, 鼻腔有水樣分泌物, 平素畏風怕冷, 易感冒, 自汗, 咳嗽痰稀, 氣短乏力, 面色蒼白, 舌淡, 苔薄白, 脈細弱 Hwanggigyejiomultang(黃芪桂枝五物湯), Onpyejiryudan(溫肺止流丹), Socheongryongtang(小靑龍湯) Modified Okbyeongpungsan-Onpyejiryudan combined formula(玉屏風散 合 溫肺止流丹加減), Modified Okbyeongpungsan-Changijasan combined formula(玉屏風散 合 蒼耳子散加減), Eohantang(禦寒湯), 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36 18
6 Kidney yang deficiency (腎陽虧虛) 突然鼻塞, 鼻癢, 反覆發作噴嚏, 流淸涕, 鼻黏膜蒼白, 鼻甲腫脹, 畏寒肢冷, 腰膝酸軟, 面色異常, 精神萎靡, 小便淸長, 大便溏薄, 夜尿頻多, 舌淡, 苔白, 脈沈遲 NR 1, 14, 22, 29 4
7 Spleen qi deficiency (脾氣虚弱) 鼻癢, 噴嚏, 流淸涕, 鼻塞甚或嗅覺減退, 鼻內黏膜腫脹, 色蒼白, 伴有頭重, 頭昏, 神疲氣短, 面色萎黃或恍白, 四肢困倦, 胃納欠佳, 腹脹便溏, 舌質淡或淡胖, 邊有齒痕, 苔白, 脈濡緩 Modified Bojungikgitang(補中益氣湯加減), Samryeongbaekchulsan(參苓白朮散), Modified Bojungikgitang-Changijasan combined formula(補中益氣湯 合 蒼耳子散加減) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 34, 36, 37, 41 24
8 Spleen qi deficiency(脾氣虚) 陣發性鼻癢, 連續噴嚏, 鼻塞, 鼻涕淸稀量多, 四肢乏力, 大便溏薄, 舌質淡, 苔白, 脈細弱 NR 7, 12, 32, 33, 39 5
9 Kidney yang deficiency(腎陽不足) 鼻癢, 噴嚏, 流淸涕, 鼻塞, 鼻內黏膜腫脹, 色蒼白, 伴有形寒肢冷, 面色蒼白, 腰膝酸軟, 神疲, 小便淸長, 夜尿多, 或遺精早泄, 舌質淡, 苔白, 脈沈細無力 Modified Ugwihwan-Mahwangbujasesintang combined formula(右歸丸 合 麻黃附子細辛湯加減), Jinmutang(眞武湯), Gyebujihwanghwan(桂附地黃丸), Singihwan(腎氣丸), Modified Geumgwesingihwan-Okbyeongpungsan combined formula(金匱腎氣丸 合 玉屏風散加減), Mahwangbujasesintang-Gwaminjeon combined formula(麻黃附子細辛湯 合 過敏煎), Seopchejigutangmyeonjeon granule(攝涕止鼽湯免煎顆粒) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37 22
10 Lung meridian latent heat(肺經伏熱) 發作性鼻癢, 噴嚏連作, 淸涕量多或為黏稠涕, 鼻塞, 嗅覺減退, 鼻黏膜偏紅, 腫脹, 口乾, 舌紅, 苔薄白或薄黃, 脈數 Modified Cheongyangsanhwatang(淸陽散火湯加減), Sinicheongpyeeum(辛夷淸肺飮), Cheongpyeongikwibang(淸肺益衛方) 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 42 21
11 Spleen deficiency and dampness(脾虛濕困) 鼻塞鼻脹較重, 鼻涕淸稀或黏白, 鼻甲黏膜腫脹或蒼白 Jichetang(止嚏湯), Sanhanjechebang(散寒除涕方), Ijungtang-Yeonggyejuggamtang combined formula(理中湯 合 苓桂竹甘湯), Geonbitonggyutang(健脾通竅湯) 3, 10, 17, 39 4
12 Lung meridian heat(肺經蘊熱) 陣發性鼻癢, 連續噴嚏, 鼻塞, 鼻涕黃稠量多, 口乾, 煩熱, 咽癢, 脈弦或弦數, 舌質紅, 苔白或微黃 NR 4, 6, 7, 10, 33, 35 6
13 Lung qi deficiency(肺氣虚) 陣發性鼻癢, 連續噴嚏, 鼻塞, 鼻涕淸稀量多, 惡風寒, 面白, 氣短, 舌質淡, 舌苔薄白, 脈浮 Okseonwipehwan(玉蟬衛肺丸) 7, 10, 12, 17, 33, 39 6
14 Lung qi deficiency(肺氣虚弱) 鼻癢, 噴嚏, 流淸涕, 鼻塞, 鼻內黏膜腫脹, 色蒼白, 平素畏風怕冷, 自汗, 倦怠懶言, 面色淡白, 或有自汗, 氣短音低, 或咳嗽痰稀, 舌淡, 苔薄白, 脈虛弱 NR 11, 20, 26, 37 4
15 Kidney yang deficiency(腎陽虛) 陣發性鼻癢, 連續噴嚏, 鼻塞, 鼻涕淸稀量多, 畏寒肢冷, 小便淸長, 大便溏薄, 舌質淡苔白, 脈沈細 Onsinjichetang(溫腎止涕湯) 7, 10, 12, 17, 33, 39 6
16 Kidney qi deficiency(腎氣虚) 腰膝酸痛, 或腰背冷痛, 畏寒肢冷, 尤以下肢為甚, 頭目眩暈, 精神萎靡, 面色白或黧黑, 舌淡, 胖苔白, 脈沈弱 NR 10, 12 2
17 Lung and kidney qi deficiency(肺腎氣虚) 胸滿, 氣短, 動則氣喘, 晨起後咳吐白色泡沫狀黏痰, 面色晦黯或白光白, 舌淡, 苔白, 脈沈弱 NR 10 1
18 Spleen and kidney yang deficiency(脾腎陽虛) 畏寒肢冷, 氣短懶言, 身體倦怠, 大便溏瀉或五更泄瀉, 或肢體浮腫, 甚則腹滿臌脹, 舌淡胖苔白滑, 脈虛大或細弱 NR 10 1
19 Qi deficiency with blood stasis(氣虚血瘀) 面色淡白而晦黯, 身倦乏力, 少氣懶言, 局部疼痛如刺, 痛處不移, 舌淡紫或有紫斑, 脈沈澀 NR 10 1
20 Wind-heat attack(風熱外襲) 發熱, 微惡寒, 汗出口微渴, 舌尖紅, 苔薄黃, 脈浮數, 或皮膚紅腫灼癢 NR 10 1
21 blood stasis due to qi stagnation(氣滯血瘀) 胸脅脹悶, 走竄疼痛, 急躁易怒, 脅下痞塊, 刺痛拒按, 婦女可見月經閉止, 或痛經, 經色紫黯有塊, 舌質紫黯或見瘀斑, 脈澀 NR 10 1
22 Wind-cold invading the lung(風寒犯肺) 鼻塞, 聲重, 噴嚏, 流淸涕, 咳嗽, 咳痰淸稀, 頭痛, 惡寒, 發熱, 無汗, 舌苔薄白, 脈浮 NR 10, 35 2
23 Qi and yin deficiency(氣陰兩虛) 乏力, 氣短, 自汗, 口乾舌燥, 五心煩熱, 便秘, 舌淡或舌紅黯, 苔薄白少津, 或少苔, 脈細弱 NR 10 1
24 Blood deficiency(血虚) 舌淡, 面色淡白, 舌淡, 面色萎黃, 頭暈眼花, 心悸, 失眠, 手足麻木, 月經延期, 量少色淡或閉經 NR 12 1
25 Spleen yang deficiency(脾陽虛) 大便溏, 腹部怕涼 NR 12 1
26 Kidney yin deficiency(腎陰虛) 腰脊酸痛, 腰膝無力, 足跟疼痛, 耳鳴耳聾, 牙根萎縮, 齒搖齒落, 尿有餘瀝, 尿失禁或尿渾濁, 遺精 NR 12 1
27 Liver yin deficiency(肝陰虛) 脅肋疼痛, 視物模糊, 眼睛乾澀 NR 12 1
28 Heart yin deficiency(心陰虛) 心悸, 失眠, 健忘, 多夢 NR 12 1
29 Lung yin deficiency(肺陰虛) 干咳, 咳嗽少痰 NR 12 1
30 Stomach yin deficiency(胃陰虛) 舌苔剝脫, 惡心乾嘔, 飢不欲食 NR 12 1
31 Lung heat(肺熱) 咳嗽無痰, 咳嗽黃痰 NR 12 1
32 Gallbladder meridian stagnation and heat(膽經鬱熱) 煩躁易怒, 脅脹口苦, 耳脹, 耳痛, 耳鳴, 半邊頭痛, 失眠多夢 NR 12 1
33 Spleen-stomach dampness-heat(脾胃濕熱) 舌紅, 苔黃膩及以下項者, 院腹痞脹, 嘔惡納呆, 大便溏 NR 12 1
34 Liver-gallbladder dampness-heat(肝膽濕熱) 舌紅, 苔黃膩及以下項者, 脅肋脹痛, 乳房脹痛, 口苦, 陰部潮濕, 疹癢 NR 12, 39 2
35 Dampness obstructing the nasal cavity(濕壅鼻竅) 苔膩, 鼻塞, 鼻涕量多, 頭暈, 頭重, 鼻甲腫脹 NR 12 1
36 External wind-cold(外感風寒) 惡風寒, 頭身疼痛, 鼻塞流淸涕 Onpyejiryudan(溫肺止流丹) 12, 41 2
37 External wind-heat(外感風熱) 舌紅, 苔薄黃, 發熱, 微惡風寒, 頭痛, 咽痛, 口微渴 NR 12 1
38 Blood stasis(血瘀) 舌暗, 舌瘀點, 瘀斑, 鼻塞, 鼻甲腫大, 黏膜色暗 NR 12 1
39 Lung deficiency and insecurity(肺虛不固) 鼻癢難忍, 噴嚏頻作, 鼻涕多淸水狀, 量大, 鼻黏膜蒼白水腫, 伴鼻塞或嗅覺減退, 常遇冷風發作, 平素體惡風怕冷, 易感冒, 倦怠乏力, 氣短自汗, 舌質淡, 苔薄白, 脈虛弱 NR 14 1
40 Lung and spleen qi deficiency combined with liver qi stagnation(肺脾氣虛 兼 肝氣鬱結) NR Gisijeonje(芪柴煎劑) 16 1
41 Lung-kidney yin deficiency(肺腎陰虛) 多為長年性, 鼻癢不適, 噴嚏連連, 淸涕難斂, 早晚較甚, 鼻勃膜水腫, 形體虛弱, 眩暈耳鳴, 健忘少寐, 畏風, 舌紅少苔, 脈細 Cheongyeoltonggyutang(淸熱通竅湯) 17 1
42 Lung and kidney deficiency(肺腎兩虛) NR Onpyejiryudan(溫肺止流丹), Okbyeongpungsan-Changijasan(玉屏風散 合 蒼耳子散) combined Juglandis Semen(胡桃肉), Cistanchis Herba(肉蓯蓉), Rubi Fructus(覆盆子), Rosae Laevigatae Fructus(金櫻子), Gecko(蛤蚧) 19 1
43 Lung deficiency(肺虚) 鼻甲淡白或灰白, 自汗或動則易汗, 畏風怕冷, 倦怠懶言, 氣短音低, 舌質淡, 苔薄白, 脈虛弱 NR 31, 35, 38 3
44 Spleen deficiency(脾虚) 鼻塞, 鼻癢, 噴嚏頻發, 面色萎黃無華, 消瘦, 食少納呆, 腹脹便澹, 四肢倦怠乏力, 少氣懶言, 舌淡胖, 邊有齒痕, 苔薄白, 脈弱無力 NR 31, 35, 38 3
45 Kidney deficiency(腎虛) 鼻塞, 鼻癢, 噴嚏, 淸涕長流, 面色蒼白, 形寒肢冷, 腰膝酸軟, 神疲倦怠, 小便淸長, 或見遺精早泄, 舌淡, 苔白, 脈沈細無力 NR 31, 35, 38 3
46 Wind-heat attacking the lung(風熱襲肺) 惡寒輕發熱重, 頭脹痛, 面赤, 咯痰色黃, 咽喉痛, 口乾欲飲, 苔薄黃, 脈浮數 NR 35 1
47 Dampness(夾濕) 困倦乏力, 胸悶, 肋腹痞悶, 飲食不化, 肢體困重, 頭額重墜, 口不渴, 苔白滑或厚膩 NR 35 1
48 Blood stasis(夾瘀) 鼻甲暗紅見或可見小血管增生, 面色晦暗, 舌下脈絡暗紅, 曲張, 舌質紫暗, 或可見瘀斑瘀點, 脈弦細或澀或結代 NR 35 1
49 Lung and defense qi deficiency(肺衛氣虛) 惡風自汗, 時常感冒, 氣短乏力, 舌淡, 脈弱 NR 39 1
50 Damp-heat in the spleen(濕熱蘊脾) 腹脹, 嘔惡納呆, 肢體困重, 便澹不爽, 或面黃發熱, 或身熱不揚, 汗出熱不解, 渴不多飲, 舌紅苔黃膩, 脈濡數 NR 39 1
51 Yin deficiency and blood heat(陰虛血熱) 低熱顴紅, 心煩口渴, 咽乾癢痛, 小便短黃, 大便乾結, 或咳血、蛆血、斑疹, 舌紅苔黃少津, 脈細數 NR 39 1
52 Excessive heat in the lung and stomach(肺胃熱盛) 發熱, 口渴, 汗多, 咳嗽氣喘, 腹灼痛, 便秘尿黃, 舌紅苔黃, 脈滑數 NR 39 1
53 Liver stagnation and kidney deficiency(肝鬱腎虛) 脅脹作痛, 情緒抑鬱, 耳鳴, 腰膝酸軟 NR 39 1
54 Yang qi deficiency(陽氣虛) 鼻癢, 噴嚏, 淸涕如水, 鼻塞, 遇冷症狀加重, 全身症狀: 畏風怕冷, 自汗, 氣短懶言, 舌淡, 苔薄白, 脈虛弱, 專科檢查: 鼻黏膜色淡或呈蒼白色或暗淡色, 發作時下鼻甲水腫, 鼻道內可見水樣分泌物 Ikpyejohyeoltang(益肺調血湯) 40 1
55 Yang qi stagnation(陽氣鬱) 鼻癢, 噴嚏, 鼻涕黏稠, 鼻塞, 鼻內乾燥, 常在悶熱天氣發作, 全身症狀: 口鼻乾燥, 咽癢, 煩熱口渴, 舌紅, 苔白或黃, 脈數, 局部體徵: 鼻黏膜乾燥, 色紅或暗紅色, 鼻甲腫脹, 鼻道內可見白黏涕或黃涕 Cheongyeoltongyangtang(淸熱通陽湯) 40 1
56 Wind-heat stagnation in the lung(風熱鬱肺) NR Modified Sinicheongpyeeum(辛夷淸肺飲加減), Okbyeongpungsan-Sanggukeum combined formula(玉屏風散 合 桑菊飲) 41 1
57 Kidney qi deficiency(腎氣虧虛) NR Modified Geumgwesingihwan(金匱腎氣丸加減), Mahwangbujasesintang-Geumgwesingihwan combined formula(麻黃附子細辛湯聯 合 金匱腎氣丸) 41 1
58 Cold pathogens attack the lung(寒邪襲肺) 陣發性的鼻癢, 癢後狂嚏連綿, 嚏後則鼻涕奇多, 色白質稀, 淸似冷水, 暫時性鼻塞失嗅, 日必數次陣發, 晨起或經風受涼或接觸到有刺激的物質之後, 表現尤為嚴重, 全身症狀可有惡寒怕冷者, 舌苔薄白, 脈象或浮或細小, 鼻腔局部檢查: 鼻黏膜蒼白, 甚至水腫, 雙下鼻甲尤為明顯 Gamigyejitang(加味桂枝湯) 43 1
59 Heat stagnation in the lung meridian(熱鬱肺經) 鼻癢狂嚏, 對寒冷並無反應, 涕出不太清稀, 全身症狀可有口渴, 便秘者, 舌偏紅, 苔薄黃, 脈洪數或弦數, 鼻腔局部檢查: 鼻腔黏膜不見蒼白, 而見潮紅或充血 Cheongpyesayeolligyutang(淸肺瀉熱利竅湯) 43 1
60 Insecurity of exterior qi(衛氣不固) 病程漫長, 諸藥無效者, 也有反復發作不休者, 但表現有全身症狀, 面色無華, 少氣懶言, 食欲不振, 容易疲勞, 衰弱乏力, 有時便稀, 舌質淡, 苔薄白, 脈細弱, 鼻腔局部檢查: 症狀和以上兩者無特殊區別 Bogigowitang(補氣固衛湯) 43 1
NR: Not Reported