Table 1. A Chronological Review of Records of Analgesia via Inhalation Identified in Korean Medical Classics.

Category Literature title Year / Period Author Substance or Method Used Route of Administration / Form Intended Effect Applied Symptoms or Procedure
Analgesia via Inhalation 重修政和經史證類備用本草(Joongsujeonghwagyeongsajeungryubiyongboncho) 1108 / Northern Song Unknown Feces of sheep (羊屎) Burning and directing the smoke to the nose (燒之熏鼻) Analgesia Zhong’e (中惡) (sudden severe illness caused by evil factors), piercing pain in the heart and abdomen
Uihakipmun (醫學入門) 1575 / ming Li Chan (李梴) Feces of sheep (羊屎) Burning and directing the smoke to the nose (燒烟熏鼻) Analgesia Zhong’e (中惡) (sudden severe illness caused by evil factors), piercing pain in the heart and abdomen
Bonchogangmok (本草綱目) 1596 / ming Li Shizhen (李時珍) Leek seeds (韭子), Pure oil (淸油) Directing the smoke to the painful area using a tube Local Analgesia Toothache
Bonchogangmok (本草綱目) 1596 / ming Li Shizhen (李時珍) Mugwort (艾), Wax (蠟) Nasal and oral inhalation of smoke via paper-rolled tube Analgesia Toothache and swelling
Bonchogangmok (本草綱目) 1596 / ming Li Shizhen (李時珍) Mulberry leaves (桑葉) Nasal inhalation of powdered leaf smoke rolled in paper Analgesia Red eyes with astringent pain
Bonchogangmok (本草綱目) 1596 / ming Li Shizhen (李時珍) Mulberry leaves (桑葉) Inhaling smoke rolled in paper and burned through the nose Analgesia Red eyes and astringent pain
Bonchogangmok (本草綱目) 1596 / ming Li Shizhen (李時珍) Pipewort (穀精草), Earthworm (地龍), Frankincense (乳香) Inhaling smoke burned inside a tube through the nose Analgesia Headache, pain in the supraorbital ridge (eyebrow bone)
Bonchogangmok (本草綱目) 1596 / ming Li Shizhen (李時珍) Piannao (片腦) / Longnaoxiang (龍腦香, Borneol) Inhaling smoke rolled in paper and burned through the nose Analgesia Headache
Bonchogangmok (本草綱目) 1596 / ming Li Shizhen (李時珍) Feces of sheep (羊屎) Nasal inhalation of smoke Analgesia Zhong’e (中惡,sudden severe illness caused by evil factors), piercing pain in the heart and abdomen) Xinfu-citong (心腹刺痛, acute stabbing pain in the chest and abdomen)
Suseobigyeol (壽世祕訣) c. 1640 / Late Ming to Early Qing Unknown Piannao (片腦, Borneol) Inhaling smoke rolled in paper and burned through the nose Analgesia Brain and head pain
Suseobigyeol (壽世祕訣) c. 1640 / Late Ming to Early Qing Unknown Leek seeds (韭子), Pure oil (淸油) Directing the smoke to the painful area using a tube Local Analgesia Pain caused by dental caries (tooth decay)
Bonchojeonghwa (本草精華) c. 1650 / Qing Unknown Records related to Black Goat Horn (羖羊角) Directing smoke to the nose (熏鼻) Analgesia Abdominal pain caused by Zhong'e(中惡)