| Shao5) (2024) | 1. Western Medicine Diagnostic Criteria: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Meniere’s Disease (2017)1) Definite Meniere’s Disease -Two or more spontaneous episodes of vertigo, each lasting 20 minutes to 12 hours -Sensorineural hearing loss confirmed by audiometry, predominantly at low frequencies -Aural symptoms such as ear fullness and tinnitus in addition to vertigo and hearing loss -Symptoms cannot be explained by another medical condition2) Possible Meniere’s Disease -Typical spontaneous episodes of vertigo -Other symptoms suggestive of Meniere’s disease (tinnitus, aural fullness) -Normal hearing on audiometric examination2. TCM Diagnostic Criteria : TCM Syndrome Differentiation Criteria(2017)1) Primary symptoms : Vertigo, visual spinning, tinnitus, hearing loss, aural fullness2) Secondary symptoms : Chest tightness, nausea and vomiting, acid regurgitation, poor appetite, somnolence, excessive dreaming, pale tongue, white greasy coating, slippery pulse3) Diagnosis requires : either 3 primary symptoms, or 2 primary+2 secondary symptoms, plus tongue(舌) and pulse(脈) signs as reference | -Patients diagnosed with Meniere's syndrome(differentiation for phlegm turbidity obstruction syndrome(痰濁中阻證)) according to both TCM and Western medicine criteria-Age: 18-70 years |
| Zhang9) (2022) | 1. Western Medicine Diagnostic Criteria : Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Meniere’s Disease (2017) -Same as above2. TCM Diagnostic Criteria : Criteria of Diagnosis and Therapeutic Effect of Diseases and Syndromes in Traditional Chinese Medicine (1994) -Rotatory vertigo as the main symptom, accompanied by tinnitus and mild hearing loss, nausea and vomiting, with clear consciousness -Sudden onset lasting from several minutes to hours, with intervals of days to months -Often triggered by fatigue, overthinking, or emotional fluctuation -No abnormality in tympanic membrane examination; spontaneous horizontal or rotatory nystagmus may be seen during attacks -Hearing test may show mild sensorineural hearing loss during attacks | -Patients diagnosed with Meniere's syndrome according to both TCM and Western medicine criteria-Age: 14-60 years |
| Wang12) (2018) | 1. Western Medicine Diagnostic Criteria : Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (2004) -No specific details were provided2. TCM Diagnostic Criteria : Guiding Principles of Clinical Research on New Chinese Medicines (2002) -No specific details were provided | -Patients diagnosed with Meniere's syndrome according to both TCM and Western medicine criteria -Age: 18-65 years -Course of disease: over 6 months -No related medication treatment in the past 4 months |
| Wu13) (2018) | Diagnosis was based on the criteria formulated by the Chinese Medical Association Otolaryngology Branch (2006) -Two or more episodes of rotational vertigo, each lasting from 20 minutes to several hours, usually accompanied by autonomic dysfunction and balance disorder, without loss of consciousness -Fluctuating hearing loss, often affecting low frequencies early on, progressively worsening, with at least one audiometric confirmation of sensorineural hearing loss, possibly with recruitment phenomenon -Accompanied by tinnitus and aural fullness -Exclusion of other causes of vertigo | -Patients diagnosed with Meniere’s disease based on the specified diagnostic criteria -Age: 18-60 -Diagnosis of Meniere’s disease during the intermittent period -No acupuncture or medication treatment in the past 3 months |
| Zhong14) (2016) | Diagnosis was based on the criteria formulated by the Chinese Medical Association Otolaryngology Branch and Chinese Journal of Otolaryngology (1996) -No specific details were provided | -Patients diagnosed with Meniere’s disease based on the specified diagnostic criteria -Age: 24-70 |
| Xu15) (2016) | Author-defined diagnostic criteria based on clinical presentation -Recurrent episodes of vertigo -Fluctuating, progressive sensorineural hearing loss -Tinnitus -Aural fullness -Audiological tests included pure tone audiometry showing ascending or peak-shaped audiograms. Tympanic membrane and eustachian tube functions were normal | -Patients who had received western medications (prednisone, betahistine, and hydrochlorothiazide) for 2–8 weeks with poor response OR had experienced two or more relapses after recovery |