| Chai J et al/201110) | Non-RCT | 62/26/3631/12/1931/14/17 | No mention | No mention | E;Minimum: 1year / Maximum: 50yearsC;Minimum:1year/Maximum:48years | No mention | No mention | [E] Both Hands: 11, Both Ears: 3, Hand and Feet: 12, Hand and Feet and Ear: 5[C]:Both Hands:10,Both Ears:5,Hand and Feet:13,Hand and Feet and Ear:3 |
| Wu S et al/201011) | Non-RCT | 150/No mention/No mentionE;(Group A)50/No mention/No mentionE;(Group B)50/No mention/No mentionC;50/No mention/No mention | No mention | Lack of attention to warmth while training, playing, or working in the winter cold | More than 10years | Grade 1,2(E;GroupA:Grade1/E;GroupB:Grade2/C: Grade 1+2) | No mention | Face, Ears, Nose, Hands, Feet |
| Liu W et al/199812) | Non-RCT | 38/No mention/No mention23/Nomention/Nomention15/Nomention/Nomention | E:12-36(Mean:23.48)C:13-40(Mean:29.36) | No mention | No mention | Grade 2,3 | E: 20/3C:14/1 | Both Ears: 11,Both leg: 6Both Ears&leg:2 |
| Feng Z et al/199513) | Non-RCT | 767/No mention/No mention549/Nomention/Nomention218/Nomention/Nomention | No mention | No mention | No mention | No mention | No mention | No mention |
| Xia H/201814) | Before-After Study | 31/12/19Frostbite:8 | 18-55 | No mention | No mention | No mention | No mention | Hands |
| Cheng Z et al/201815) | Before-After Study | 120/46/74 | No mention | No mention | Less than 2years: 223-5years:68More than 5years:30 | Grade 1,2,3 | 59/45/16(local redness and swelling without ulceration:59 redness and swelling accompanied by cracks:45redness and swelling with ulcers:16) | Hands |
| Wang Z/200916) | Before-After Study | 78/46/32 | 8-40 | Lack of attention to warmth | 5-21days / Mean:13days | Grade 1,2 | 43/35 | Ear 6, Hands 24, Feet 37Hands&Feet11 |
| Tang Y/200617) | Before-After Study | 31/19/12 | 10-57 | Lack of attention to warmth | No mention | Grade 1,2 | 25/6 | Ear 21, Hands 6, Feet 4 |
| Lin L/200618) | Before-After Study | 18/18/0 | 16-21 | Winter military training(not trench foot) | 3-20days | No mention | No mention(The patients experienced skin erosion or ulcers after frostbite on their hands,with varying degrees of hemorrhage and exudation, surrounded by red,swollen skin.) | Hands(Fingers:5/Dorsumofhand:3/Fingers&Dorsumofhand:10/BothHands:12/Onehand:6) |
| Fan J/200519) | Before-After Study | 63/26/37 | 38-67 | No mention | 1-20years | No mention | No mention | Hands and Feet |
| Chen Y et al/200220) | Before-After Study | 56/14/42 | 2-10: 811-15:1716-24:27≥25:4 | No mention | 15-90days (Mean:27.4d) | Grade 1,2,3 | No mention(4 presented with local congestion, swelling, and a needle-like pain accompanied by a burning sensation.17 patients showed significant local congestion and swelling, accompanied by water blisters and ulceration.In these cases, the blisters ruptured, forming ulcers with noticeable pain and the presence of exudate or purulent secretions in 45 patients.) | No mention |
| Feng J et al/200121) | Before-After Study | 10/3/7 | 12-25 | Long-term exposure to cold winds due to busy work schedules, leading to frostbite | No mention | No mention | No mention | Fingers: 4Hands:3Toes:1Face: 2 |
| Yi C et al/199822) | Before-After Study | 51/20/31 | 6-41Mean:18 | No mention | No mention | Grade 1,2,3 | 34/15/2Grade 1: characterized by local skin redness and swelling, and pruritus.Grade 2: characterized by redness and swelling of the affected skin, the presence of blisters, and significant pain.Grade 3: characterized by ruptured blisters forming ulcers. | Hands, Feet, Ears |
| Song C et al/199523) | Before-After Study | 31/No mention/No mention | No mention | No mention | No mention | No mention | No mention | Hand: 17 (including 8 with both hands)Feet:6 Ears:5 Face:3 |
| Liu X/199524) | Before-After Study | 20/19/1 | 18-25 | Working in Freezer Environments | Minimum: 3days / Maximum: 11years | No mention | No mention | Hand: 5, Feet: 4, Ear: 1, Nose: 1, Hands & Feet: 9 |
| Ha SJ et al/20242) | Case series | 3/3/0 | 27, 45, 46 | Extreme altitude climbing | 5days, 26days, 32days | Grade 2,3 | 0/1/3 | Nose, Ear, Toes |
| Wang D/201925) | Case study | 1/No mention/No mention | No mention | Developed frostbite in a small toe following a leg fracture | No mention | No mention | No mention | Foot (Small toe) |
| Norheim A et al/201826) | Case study | 1/0/1 | 19 | Winter military training | 11months | Grade 1,2 | 1/1/0 | Hands |